Long-term Effects of European Colonization on Africa Essay

Africa has had a long and tumultuous road of colonization and decolonization the rush to colonize Africa started in the 17th century with the discovery of the vast amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubber with colonization hitting a fever pitch during World War I. However, the repercussions of colonization have left deep wounds that still remain unhealed in the 21st century. Early on, European nations such as Britain, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany and Belgium scrambled for territories. Countries wanted land so they could harvest the resources, increase trade, and gain power. The European colonization of Africa brought racism, civil unrest, and insatiable greed; all of which have had lasting impacts on Africa. Along with the power of†¦show more content†¦The Natives Land Act passed in 1913, barred whites and Africans from owning land in the same area. Africans, who made up two-thirds of the population, were given only 7.5 percent of the land while whites, who were the mino rity, were given the majority (92.5 percent) of the land to own (The Kwaito Generation, 2010). Apartheid, which means separateness, was officially declared in 1948 even though separateness had been happening all along. The racial atrocities continued into the 1950’s as facilities became segregated under the Reservation of Separate Amenities. Most of the time, the segregated facilities were sub-standard. August of 2005 brought about the â€Å"official† end of apartheid’s separateness. However, the practice of racism has been hard to change. Stereotypes still exist while Africans strive for equality after centuries of oppression. In April 2010, police had to use barbed wire to separate Africans and whites outside of a courthouse in South Africa that were rioting as two murderers appeared for the first time in public. These murderers were accused of murdering an extremely conservative, white supremacist leader over a wage dispute. Ironically, the slain leader, Euge ne Terreblanche, had been convicted of attempted murder and served only three years and fours months for the charge in 1996. Racial tensions remain very high as whites learn to overcome the prejudicial tendencies that have been imprinted within them. The colonization of Africa started a disastrousShow MoreRelatedEuropean Nations And The Colonization Of Africa1492 Words   |  6 PagesAs we know so far, Africa has a long history of being faced with Conquest, Colonization, and Military Invasions from Europe since the early 1970’s and up to the 1900’s. Many were standing against the idea of being captured or colonized by these Europeans leaders and countries. The only two countries that have not been touched or colonized by Europe is Ethiopia and Liberia, unfortunately (Fortunately). Most of the Africa’s countries has been touched by European conquerors. There are three main factorsRead MoreEuropean Colonialism: Civilizations Ruined1491 Words   |  6 PagesEuropean Colonialism has been around since the late 15th century and their model for colonialism will exist for many years to come. Colonization could be considered to start as far back as the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome. However, this colonization model was not near as deadly as the European model (Louis). The ancient civilizations educated, advanced, and motivated their colonies to succeed. The European model falls far short of the standard set in past years. This model forRead MoreAmerican Society And Ugandan Society1379 Words   |  6 Pagessacrifices them. For children in Uganda, the story is quite different; they are exploited, abused, and viewed as burdens. The adverse effects of military occupation in Uganda can be traced back to the beginning of colonization. European countries like Britain, Belgium, and France all rushed into Africa at the end of the 19th Century trying to get their slice of Africa. Some nations were worse than others, but the two common themes that tied African imperialism together were racism and exploitationRead MoreImperialism in the 19th century1746 Words   |  7 Pagesextends its rule over another. Imperialism had a substantial effect on the 19th century throughout the entire world by bringing upon changes to many different countries, for better and for worse, especially to Africa. Prior to the nineteenth century, westerners did interfere with many of the affairs of nations outside of their boarders, so signs of imperialism are shown many times throughout history. Examples of this would be the European colonies in the Americas and also influence in Asia. WheneverRead MoreAbstract. The Research Examines The Social, Economic And1704 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical effect of colonialism in West Africa. A critical view of the activities carried in the study to explain the social, economic and political effect of colonialism, and a qualitative of the growth rate of the West Africa countries were examined. The study therefore concludes that colonialism greatly had an impact in the growth of the countries in the selected West Africa countries. 1.0 Introduction Our research study will focus more on the effect of colonialism in Western part Africa by examiningRead MorePost Colonialism Is Not A Reference Of Time Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagesliterary theory that encompasses the global interactions of humans after colonization and imperialist rule dominated the world. The ultimate definition is still in the wakes of developing, so there is no box this particular word can smoothly fit into. This is a literary theory; it is a lens to take in order to understand the truthfulness of all perspectives in a story. A baseline of post colonialism lies in the definition of both terms. Colonialism states that people come to settle and establish politicalRead MoreHow Did Contact Between The European Arrivals And The Native Peoples Of The Americas Affect Both Groups?1545 Words   |  7 PagesDirections: Answers MUST be at least two paragraphs long (eight total sentences of information) and have at least 3-4 sentences of critical thought about the infor mation you present. How did contact between the European arrivals and the native peoples of the Americas affect both groups? Europeans brought to the Americas catastrophic diseases that killed millions and decimated native populations, who possessed no immunity to the illnesses. The Europeans also had deliberate policies of subjugation andRead MoreWestern Civilization And Its Impact On The Wider World860 Words   |  4 Pagesestablishing dominance around the globe. Another major source of this capability of powerful European nations to dominate the globe comes from the traditional nature of the regions they colonized. While Europe was developing strong governments and institutions, much of the rest of the world was still agricultural and had little to no development in terms of government. This is particularly true in Africa; the native people were loosely associated and couldn’t form strong nations or allyships to protectRead MoreThe Slavery Of The Moors1241 Words   |  5 Pagestimeframe, and somehow they overcame the abuse of the Moors. The reason Africa got to be persecuted is on account of they are self-mistreating. At the point when the frontier strengths from Europe withdrew intertribal fighting broke out, and it proceeds right up til the present time. On that line of thought, the slave brokers purchased slaves from blacks who had oppressed them. Bondage and mistreatment were found out by Europeans from the Moors and the African s themselves. One story of how a preacherRead MoreThe Effects of Westernization Essay example934 Words   |  4 PagesAsia, Africa, and Latin America have all been influenced by the transmission of Western cultural values through direct as well as indirect contact. By means of colonization Asia, Africa and Latin America were particularly affected as Western values were enforced upon the populations by colonial assault. During this era traditional cultural pursuits declined and stagnated in the face of Western conquests. The attitude is much the same now as it was then, â€Å"However disagreeable the â€Å"medicine† may

Interning With The Fist Judicial District Of Pennsylvania

Interning with the Fist Judicial District of Pennsylvania (FJD) has been a rewarding experience. I have been able to grow as an individual, personally, as well as professionally. I have improved my writing portfolio, by adding serious content and focusing on internal communications. Interning during the fall semester has been difficult at times; balancing an internship, full course load, and a job equals a lot of stress. Also, taking my capstone a semester early has added to a lot of pressure this semester. With all of my obligations, successfully managing my time has been extremely important. Now that it is the end of the semester, I am glad I took on many responsibilities this semester, because I was able to prove my hard work ethic to myself. My supervisor Gabriel Roberts, and his assistant Amanda De Maria, were great at getting me acclimated to working with the FJD. With little previous knowledge about the FJD, these two have helped me become more knowledgeable about the communication field, as well as the legal field. When I accepted the internship opportunity I didn’t know exactly what I was getting myself into. Gabe and Amanda aided me in my adjustment into the judicial world by being supportive and referring me to resources to expand my knowledge. In our small public relations office, we worked great as a team. Amanda and Gabe were wonderful at introducing me to office culture. City Hall’s office culture is different from many of the experiences I was used to.

Editorial Task for Australian Financial- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEditorial Taskfor Australian Financial Review. Answer: Eleven Head Office Involved in Wage Fraud Cover-up 7-Eleven, the largest convenience store chain of Australia, is now presenting itself as one of the biggest and worst cases of systematic wage abuse in the history of a corporate world, tweeted Adele Ferguson (www.afr.com, 2017). The only disturbing factor concerning the franchise chain is nothing, but the exploitation of workers that has been going for many years under everyones nose, said Wolter Peeters. However, Rod Clement has given clear explanation of the situation, Stating in this way. At this franchise chain, wage abuse would stand for about $ 10 million per year, but more specifically in the case of 7-Eleven most of the workers are students on visas and they are in thousands (Lim, Chae Jeon, 2014). These students are only allowed to work 20 hours a week, according to the visa condition and this make them more vulnerable to wage abuse. In the light of this situation, the fair work ombudsman has conducted three different raids and found in the past six years that the situation is getting worse and the students are still facing wage fraud, getting under payment wage (Sivaraman Turner, 2016). However, in September 2014, it has been found that around 60% of the 20 7-Eleven stores had a payroll issues, which is double the records of 2011 issues. Contributing to this context, Senator Deborah ONeill at a Senate hearing made a clear statement that apart from conducting raids, there are more to be done, including reviewing of the regulatory structure and beefing up the chains power since the fair work and its effectiveness are under inspection on the account of wage abuse especially for workers on student visas (Smith, 2015). In addition to these, Fairfax Media and Four Corners had made a joint investigation on wage fraud practiced by around two-third of the chain stores and found that payroll of each month address massive payroll problems (Tonts, Plummer Argent, 2014). The joint media, based on its investigation had described the underpayment, falsification. They explained that after reviewing 83 stores between 13 October 2014 and 9 November 2014, and found around 47 stores had a payroll compliance issues, including falsification of payroll sheets and underpayment of wages. Moreover, the review between April 6 and May 3, around 55% of 97 stores shows payroll compliance issue (Fraser, 2016). With such disappointing practice of franchise stores, 7-Eleven expressed in a statement, stating that our franchise stores are not worthy of meeting their obligation, which is extremely disappointing for us and we are not going to entertain such action, instead we will take appropriate steps against it. 7-Eleven promised that they will make their franchise stores pay back the full wage if they are found not paying proper wages, but if still the stores do not follow the instruction, the head office will slap them with a breach notice in more egregious cases (Schaper, 2015). However, Australian Taxation Office reviewed that 7-Eleven has generated EBIT of $ 143 million in 2015 and accounted for the largest company by earnings than any other companies in Australia on ASX. Some franchise stores on the other hand in their favour commented that would it be right for us to pay correct wages, even though we are not making enough earnings to at least pay to the head office. However, the fair work ombudsman extremely condemned this excuse, claiming that some business make such excuses rashly without knowing proper employment system (Brittingham, 2014). Further he also explained that it is very important to bring shadowy aspect of labour market into the light, before the control of the regulators and politicians go out of our hand. Editorial 2: The Australian Newspaper Dated: 02-09-2015 Article: The buck stops with us: 7-Eleven The article in The Australian has shown different perspective of the 7-Eleven case. Russ Withers, the chairman of 7-Eleven commented that the bottom line is, we are responsible for whatever had happened, it happened on our watch. The chairman of the convenience store chain explained the situation with disappointment, where according to him, significant underpayment of wage practice and payroll issue practice were conducted under the watch of management and head office (www.theaustralian.com.au, 2017). However, Russ made a promise to the head office on behalf of all the franchise store chain to its head office, that the franchise store chain is ready to pay any underpaid wages balance. Mr Russ, however, made this comment under the wake of Fairfax and Four Corners media report, where it is specifically mentioned, majority of the store chain business are still underpaying wages to the workers. Mr Russ Withers presented his view of the issue, by saying that it is quite easy for us to blame the franchisees for their responsibility of recruiting employees or workers (Lim, Chae Jeon, 2014). Hence, it is no good to say that it is solely the problem of franchisee and not mine. However, the bottom line is we are responsible for whatever had happened, it happened on our watch. In fact, the former chairman Alan Fels, with his view to the companys franchise model, tweeted that we had started with zero and now operating as 620 stores in Australia for 38 years and we still believe the underpayment of wages to the workers is relatively small. Hence, whatever the majority of franchisees are doing, they are doing the right thing, at least according to me (Manton, 2014). In this context, Mr Russ also said, this is embarrassing for us, that even though the franchisee stores are involved in such practice and the head office also aware of it, still the head office is not trying to make any mass cover-up yet. In this aspect as well, the joint media, based on its investigation had described the underpayment, falsification (www.afr.com, 2017). They explained that after reviewing 83 stores between 13 October 2014 and 9 November 2014, and found around 47 stores had a payroll compliance issues, including falsification of payroll sheets and underpayment of wages (Kavanagh McRae, 2017). The fair work ombudsman also forced one owner of store in Melbourne to deliberately admit the short-changing their staff by $10,000 and doctoring employment records to cut costs. However, based on the investigation by Australian Taxation Office, the ATO members reviewed that 7-Eleven has generated EBIT of $ 143 million in 2015 and accounted for the largest company by earnings than any other companies in Australia on ASX (Tonts, Plummer Argent, 2014). Thus, in both the articles the articles, it has been found that it is very important to bring shadowy aspect of labour market into the light, before the control of the regulators and politicians go out of our hand. Moreover, Mr Russ Withers, the chairman of 7-Eleven commented that the bottom line is, we are responsible for whatever had happened, it happened on our watch (Sivaraman Turner, 2016). In addition to these, he also made a promise to the head office on behalf of all the franchise store chain to its head office, that the franchise store chain is ready to pay any underpaid wages balance (Li Whitworth, 2016). References 7-Eleven: Wage abuse claims puts scrutiny on Fair Work response. (2017).Financial Review. Retrieved on 16 May 2017, from https://www.afr.com/business/retail/fmcg/7eleven-wage-abuse-claims-puts-scrutiny-on-fair-work-response-20150830-gjavxh Baxendale, R., Baxendale, R. (2017).The buck stops with us: 7-Eleven.Theaustralian.com.au. Retrieved 16 May 2017, from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/the-buck-stops-with-us-says-7eleven-chairman-russ-withers/news-story/c446f2f834f4b72748c630a0944ec6b4 Brittingham, M. (2014). History of the WET and the WET producer rebate.Wine Viticulture Journal,29(1), 66. Fraser, M. (2016). Investigating 7-Eleven: Who are the real bad guys?.Griffith Journal of Law Human Dignity,4(2). Kavanagh, M., McRae, E. (2017). Employment law: Protecting vulnerable workers amendment to fair work act.Governance Directions,69(4), 241. Li, Y. T., Whitworth, K. (2016). When the State Becomes Part of the Exploitation: Migrants Agency within the Institutional Constraints in Australia.International Migration,54(6), 138-150. Lim, S., Chae, H., Jeon, H. (2014). The Effect of Experience Marketing on Brand Attitude and Brand Loyalty of Beauty Salon Franchise Stores.Fashion business,18(5), 42-55. Manton, E. (2014). The diverse drivers of relative changes in excise taxes on beer and spirits in Australia, 19022012.Drugs: education, prevention and policy,21(3), 197-204. Schaper, M. T. (2015). Invited policy paper: Competing in the online marketplace: Contemporary issues for SMEs and their regulators.Small Enterprise Research,22(1), 69-78. Sivaraman, G., Turner, P. (2016). The 7-Eleven wages scandal: The need for law reform.Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (135), 53. Smith, K. (2015). Unite calls for amnesty for 7-Eleven workers.Green Left Weekly, (1069), 3. Tonts, M., Plummer, P., Argent, N. (2014). Path dependence, resilience and the evolution of new rural economies: Perspectives from rural Western Australia.Journal of Rural Studies,36, 362-375.

Plato`s Theory Of Knowledge Essays - Philosophy, Platonism

Plato`s Theory Of Knowledge Plato's Theory of Knowledge is very interesting. He expresses this theory with three approaches: his allegory of The Cave, his metaphor of the Divided Line and his doctrine The Forms. Each theory is interconnected; one could not be without the other. Here we will explore how one relates to the other. In The Cave, Plato describes a vision of shackled prisoners seated in a dark cave facing the wall. Chained also by their necks, the prisoners can only look forward and see only shadows, These shadows are produced by men, with shapes of objects or men, walking in front of a fire behind the prisoners. Plato states that for the prisoners, reality is only the mere shadows thrown onto the wall. Another vision is releasing a prisoner from his chains, how his movements are difficult, his eye adjustment painful and suggestions of the effects of returning to the cave. The Cave suggests to us that Plato saw most of humanity living in "the cave", in the dark, and that the vision of knowledge and the "conversion" to that knowledge was salvation from darkness. He put it this way, "the conversion of the soul is not to put the power of sight in the soul's eye, which already has it, but to insure that, insisted of looking in the wrong direction it is turned the way it ought to be." Plato's two worlds: the dark, the cave, and the bright were his way of rejecting the Sophists, who found "true knowledge" impossible because of constant change. Plato believed there was a " true Idea of Justice". The Cave showed us this quite dramatically. The Divided Line visualizes the levels of knowledge in a more systematic way. Plato states there are four stages of knowledge development: Imagining, Belief, Thinking, and Perfect Intelligence. Imagining is at the lowest level of this developmental ladder. Imagining, here in Plato's world, is not taken at its conventional level but of appearances seen as "true reality". Plato considered shadows, art and poetry, especially rhetoric, deceptive illusions, what you see is not necessarily what you get. With poetry and rhetoric you may be able to read the words but you may not understand the "real" meaning. For example, take, again, the shadow. If you know a shadow is something "real" then you are beyond the state of imagination which implies that a person is "unaware of observation and amounts to illusion and ignorance". Belief is the next stage of developing knowledge. Plato goes with the idea that seeing really is not always believing we have a strong conviction for what we see but not with absolute certainty. This stage is more advanced than imagining because it's based more firmly on reality. But just because we can actually see the object and not just it's shadow doesn't mean we know all there is to know about the object. In the next stage, Thinking, we leave the "visible world" and move into the "intelligible world" which, Plato claims, is seen mostly in scientists. It stands for the power of the mind to take properties from a visible object and applying them. Thinking is the "visible" object but also the hypotheses, "A truth which is taken as self-evident but which depends upon some higher truth". Plato wants us to see all things as they really are so we can see that all is inter-connected. But thinking still doesn't give us all the information we crave and we still ask "why?" For Plato the last stage of developing knowledge, Perfect Intelligence, represents "the mind as it completely releases from sensible objects" and is directly related to his doctrine of Forms. In this stage, hypotheses is no longer present because of its limitations. Plato summarized the Divided Line with "now you may take, a corresponding to the four sections, these four states of mind, intelligence for the highest, thinking for the second, belief for the third and for the last imagining. These you may arrange in terms as the terms in a proportion, assigning to each a degree of clearness and certainty corresponding to the measure in which their object pose a reality". When discussing the Divided Line, The Forms are the highest levels of "reality". Plato concludes here that the "real world" is not what we see but what we understand or feel in a "intelligible world" because it is made up of eternal Forms. The Forms take on the explanation of existence. They are "changeless, eternal, and nonmaterial essences or patterns of which the actual visible objects we

SF-9 Lepidopteran Cells Essays - Benzofurans, Biochemistry Methods

SF-9 Lepidopteran Cells Essays - Benzofurans, Biochemistry Methods SF-9 Lepidopteran Cells PHM499 Research Project Supervisors: Dr. P. S. Pennefather, Dr. S. M. Ross Calcium transport study of SF-9 lepidopteran cells and bull frog sympathetic ganglion cells Kenny Yu Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2 ABSTRACT The intracellular calcium level and the calcium efflux of the bull-frog sympathetic ganglion cells (BSG) and the SF-9 lepidopteran ovarian cells were investigated using a calcium-sensitive fluorescence probe fura-2. It was found that the intracellular calcium levels were 58.2 and 44.7 nM for the BSG cells and SF-9 cells respectively. The calcium effluxes following zero calcium solution were 2.02 and 1.33 fmolecm-2s-1 for the BSG cells and SF-9 cells. The calcium effluxes following sodium orthovanadate (Na2VO4) in zero calcium solution were 6.00 and 0.80 fmolecm-2s-1 for the BSG cells and the SF-9 cells. The SF-9 cells also lost the ability to extrude intracellular calcium after 2-3 applications of Na2VO4 while the BSG cells showed no apparent lost of calcium extruding abilities for up to 4 applications of Na2VO4. INTRODUCTION Spodoptera frugiperda clone 9 (SF-9) cells are a cultured insect cell line derived from the butterfly ovarian tissue. SF-9 cells are used by molecular biologists for the studies of gene expression and protein processing (Luckow and Summers, 1988). However, there is not much known about these cells' basic biophysiology. Since calcium is involved in many cells' activities such as acting as a secondary messenger, it is important for cells to control their intracellular calcium level. This study was aimed toward looking at the some of the basic properties of the SF-9 cells such as resting calcium concentration and rate of calcium extrusion after being calcium level being raised by an ionophore 4-bromo-A23187. The effect of sodium orthovanadate (an active transport inhibitor) on calcium extrusion was also looked at. Microspectrofluorescence techniques and the calcium-sensitive probe fura-2 were used to measure the intracellular calcium concentration of these cells. In addition, the BSG ce lls were used to compare with the SF-9 cells for the parameters that were studied. It was found that the SF-9 cells appeared to have a calcium concentration similar to the BSG cells. Moreover, the calcium extrusion rates of both cell types with no Na2VO4 added seemed to the same. However, due to insufficient data, the effects of Na2VO4 could not be statistically analyzed. From the data available, it suggested that the BSG cells' rate of calcium extrusion was enhanced by the Na2VO4 and was greater than the SF-9 cells. It was more important to note that the calcium extruding capabilities of the SF-9 cell seemed to impaired after two to three applications of Na2VO4 but it had apparent effects on the BSG cells even up to 4 applications. After obtaining these basic parameters, many questions raised such as how does the SF-9 cells extrude their calcium and why the Na2VO4 affected the calcium efflux for the SF-9 cells but not the BSG cells? The SF-9 cells may have a calcium pump or exchanger to extrude their calcium and they may be very sensitive to the ATP (adenosine 3'-triphosphate) supply. This was apparently different from the BSG cells' since their calcium extrusion were not affected by the Na2VO4.. It may be useful to find the mechanism(s) of the actions of Na2VO4 on the SF-9 cells because it may find possible applications in agriculture such as pest control. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals and solutions 4-bromo-A23187 and Fura-2/AM were purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR). Na2VO4 was purchased from Alomone Lab (Jerusalem, Israel). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was obtained from J. T. Baker Inc. (Phillipsburg, NJ). All other reagents were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). The normal Ringer's solution (NRS) contained (mM): 125 NaCl, 5.0 KCl, 2.0 CaCl2, 1.0 MgSO4, 10.0 glucose, 10.0 N-[2-hydroxyethyl] piperazine-N'-[2-ethanesulfonic acid] (HEPES). The calcium free Ringer solution (0CaNRS) is the same as the NRS except CaCl2 was substituted with 2.0 mM ethylene glycol-bis(b-aminoehtyl) ether N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Fura-2/AM solution was prepared as follows: a stock solution of 1mM fura-2/AM in DMSO was diluted 1:500 in NRS containing 2% bovine albumin. It was then sonicated for 10 minutes. It was then kept frozen until the day of the experiment. 20 SYMBOL 109 f "Symbol"M 4-bromo-A23187 solution was prepared by diluting a stock of 5mM 4-bromo-A23187 in DMSO 1:250 with NRS. Na2VO4 solution

Start your website in 3 steps

Start your website in 3 steps How to Start your Website from Scratch Introducing: a step-by-step guide on how to make a website from the ground up without a degree in programming or any knowledge of coding and design. Tune in! Get a domain name for your website First thing first, you need to come up with a name for your site that won’t be too tricky to find for your target audience. Usually, the cost for domain names starts from $10 and gets as high as $35 if you buy them at a certified registrar. Once you pay for it, you get the right to own your name for a year, and if you want to secure your ownership for the next years to come, you pay the same fee per annum. But if this sounds crazy to you, there’s also an option to get your domain name for free. When it comes to making up a good name, most of them can be already taken, especially in the product industry. So if you really want to be allocated a particular name, but it’s already reserved, try to add â€Å"-† or digits to it and see if it is available. Choose a web host Selecting a web host is basically like renting an office for business but on the Internet; it’s a platform that connects you to other computers on the Internet and lets them find you. Before you invest your money in the host, consider which one will fit your needs the best, a free web host, or a commercial one; they generally differ but have similar overlaps. Let’s take a closer look at both options. A free web host is unmistakably the best solution for those who are on the budget and looking for cheaper deals. However, there’s a price you pay for getting your host for free. Pros: FREE Cons: Impose advertising Limited web space Single site builder option File type size limitations Questionable reliability and speed Limited data transfer Here’s what’s the deal with commercial web hosts - they are far more reliable, but they also can be surprisingly tricky to work with. Pros: Reliable Fast Near-Unlimited Bandwidth More Web Space Technical Support Support for Various Scripts SSL Option Cons: Hefty price tag Create Design After you’ve saddled your website with a domain name and host provider, your next step, not as unimportant, is to make a smashing design, or at least the one that your clients will be pleased with. The easiest way to complete this step would be to hire a decent web designer, but if it’s not what you can afford, then keep on reading! As a beginner, you just need to get something out onto your page to at least frame your website. Later, you can fine-tune your design or redo the whole thing for the sake of your clients. To start making your custom design, you can choose one of the WYSIWYG ("What You See Is What You Get") web editors. The range is huge; ones are great if you are using Windows PC, others have a better view of mobile design and guide you through this process. Conclusion Cost-wise starting up a website isn’t such an expensive thing until you know how to arrange a good deal. While the research will still take much of your time - the actual amount of time you’ll spend setting up your website can be less than 1 hour!

Near Failure at Nagasaki Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Near Failure at Nagasaki - Essay Example The same problem is observed relating to Sweeney’s relation to flight engineer Kuharek such that when the latter firstly identified the lack of proper fuel in the tanks, Sweeney declined from communicating with Kuharek and moved over to Tibbets for gaining advice. Sweeney also reflected lack of self-confidence that is a significant necessity for a leader to govern combat operations. Firstly owing to his lack of proper knowledge of the combat he was highly dependent on the knowledge and expertise of Ashworth such that the latter exerted significant influence on him. Sweeney’s lack of self confidence owing to his limited knowledge again required Ashworth to help him identify and reach the target. Sweeney also lacked self-confidence in dropping the bomb effectively on the target for which he aptly depended on Beahan, the bombardier incorporated in the flight operations. Similarly other non-leadership qualities are also evident relating to Sweeney in which it is found that how Sweeney shifted the responsibility for the Nagasaki Mission’s fault to the shoulder of Hopkins. ... ation to be rendered to Hopkins regarding the position of the instrument aircraft which in turn deferred the operations much and made things complicated. Thirdly owing to the extra time spent by Sweeney further deferred his operations in being able to find the effective target of Kokura. This only required Sweeney to counter shift in his original plans. Thirdly inability of Sweeney to find both the effective and alternative targets and his dependency on Ashworth delayed the operations much creating threat of excess consumption of fuel. Fourthly owing to the incapability of taking decisions in a fast and timely fashion and dependence on his followers made Sweeney counter excess time loss in dropping the bomb over the target effectively. He shifted between dependency on the radar or on visual sighting to drop the bomb. Fifthly, Sweeney acted on a strange note on going on continuously circling above the target, Kokura when it was clear to be bombed that further deferred the operations. Evaluation made later on reflects that Sweeney had lost around one and a half hours in his failure to take decisions on time leading only to circling over the target a number of times. This failure to calculate the time required for the operation to be completed made Sweeney suffer from the threat of loss of required fuel to charge for the alternate targets. This continuous and unused circling over the rendezvous point made Sweeney also counter the threat of proper landing. The time being spent in an unused fashion thus triggered the need for Sweeney to prepare for a harsh landing than preparing for a crash landing. Sweeney’s failure to take decisions in a timely fashion also made him fail in catching sight of the instrument-carrying carrier. His failure to catch up with the

Counterinsurgency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Counterinsurgency - Essay Example Accordingly, the primary focus should be to improve the quality of the police and other security forces, strengthen government institutions, and separated the populace from the insurgents. Contemporary counterinsurgency methodologies introduced in the Philippines, Malaya, Algeria and Vietnam prove when the government accomplished these tasks, it defused the insurgency's political and ideological premise, discredited their cause, and created a political environment unsuitable for an insurgency to thrive. DISCUSSION: Intelligence reports show clashes between Taliban and coalition forces have increased significantly in 2008, highlighting the Taliban's resurgence and complicating NATO efforts to stabilize the country. Taliban, Hekmatyar, and Haqqani militants have expanded their influence in rural regions where NATO/ISAF and the Afghan government cannot provide sufficient security. Violent attacks have tripled in these areas - particularly against civilian non-combatants perceived to be in support of the government. Consequently, the U.S. planners must convince NATO and commanders to employ specific counterinsurgency approaches to reverse these trends. 1. Secure the Afghan-Pakistan border. ... Thus far, US/NATO strike operations along the border and inside Afghanistan have not curtailed militant force infiltrations and security forces have been unable to pursue retreating insurgents across the border. In order prevent these incursions, a more audacious containment strategy must be implemented. Measures include increasing security force levels in select border regions, formalizing intelligence cooperation activities with Pakistan, and erecting barriers along major infiltration corridors. First, NATO must expand the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), Afghan National Police (ANP), and Afghan National Army (ANA) presence in the remote border regions where infiltrations and armed attacks most often occur. Diligent law enforcement activities should be the primary focus in populated areas and villages to disrupt support sanctuaries and networks logistics networks. ANA forces should occupy security checkpoints and border encampments to interdict hostile incursions. In the meantime Afghan and Pakistani officials formally demarcate the Durand Line by establishing a mutually recognized border, then erect a series of defensive fences along known infiltration corridors to deny militants access into Afghanistan. Technology based surveillance systems and interdiction platforms must be employed in tandem with physical structures. French counterinsurgents successfully employed similar fencing startegy in Algeria when they built the Mortice Line to contain the Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) insurgents. Within a year of construction, the eight foot electrical fence proved to be a decisive counterinsurgency additive. The combination of static defenses and mobile border forces had killed over 6,000 would-be intruders and intercepted

Cellular Respiration Essay Example for Free

Cellular Respiration Essay Answer the following questions: Cellular respiration: †¢ What is cellular respiration and what are its three stages? Cellular respiration is a way cells store food and energy, a catabolic pathway for the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The cellular respiration happens in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The three stages are Glycolysis, Citric cycle, and electron transport. †¢ What is the role of glycolysis? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? Glycolysis splits the sugar that goes in to the cell. Then in converts in to energy the cell need. It does not need oxygen to occur. †¢ What is the role of the citric acid cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? Citric acid occurs after glycolysis process, high energy electrons are produced. It occurs only when oxygen is present but does not always use it. †¢ What is the role of the electron transport system? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? Electron transportation system requires oxygen. It’s a series of electrons carriers in the membrane of the mitochondria. Photosynthesis: †¢ What is the overall goal of photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is a process whereby plants, algae and bacteria convert light energy in to chemical energy, using carbon dioxide and water. †¢ Because photosynthesis only occurs in plants, why is it essential to animal life? Photosynthesis is important for animals because the plants produce the sugar they need as a vital nutrient for the animals. †¢ What is the role of the light reactions? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? The reactants of light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis are H20 (water), ADP, and NADP+. The products of light-dependent pathways of photosynthesis are Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH. The reactants of light-independent reactions are ATP, NADPH, and Carbon Dioxide. The main purpose of the light independent reaction is to produce glucose. Rate This Answer What is the role of the Calvin cycle? Include the reactants and the products. Where does it occur? Summary: †¢ Explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are linked within ecosystems. The link between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is an inverse relationship; both are opposites of each other. Photosynthesis is the process by which carbon dioxide is converted into organic compounds from sunlight. The most frequent compound is sugar. †¢ Visit the NASA website (http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs/) and research global temperature changes. How has global warming affected overall temperatures? What effects do cellular respiration and photosynthesis have on global warming? References. 1. http://www.biolib.cz/en/main 2. UnversityofPhoenix(2011)Photosentisys.p109

The Effective Decision Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

The Effective Decision The Effective Decision - The Function of the Chief Executive At 60, John Neyland, the company president, decided he would retire before the mandatory retirement age of 65. He did not reveal his decision to anyone until he reached 62, and at this time he confided to his best friend and the most powerful board member that he would retire imminently. Mr. Neyland proposed that Bill Strong, Vice President, Administration, a very able and experienced executive, succeed him as president. Mr. Neyland's friend vehemently opposed Bill Strong's candidacy, and forcefully argued that Margaret Wetherall, vice president of manufacturing, was the best qualified to be the new president. This case presents a situation where the decision-making process has completely failed. The selection of the president is one of the most important decisions a board of directors makes. Not only does a president have an enormous impact on the fortunes of a company, but the very process by which the executive is picked influences the way employees, investors, and other constituencies view the company and its leadership. One of the board's most critical roles is to ensure the presence of an effective management development program for the whole enterprise. While the CEO (in most firms, the president is also the CEO), is the person managing the program, the board needs to play an active oversight role to ensure that the program is in place and is working effectively. Considering that Mr. Neyland was approaching the mandatory retirement age, and that a significant difference in opinion between Mr. Neyland and the most powerful board member as to who should be the new president, it is clear that the board (the president is almost always a board member) was extremely derelict in its duties. The decision-making process was greatly undermined, with huge ramifications for the organization. In the Japanese way of decision-making, the single most important element in solving such problems is defining the question. Because the Japanese system is very time consuming and involves many participants from various functions within the organization, the Japanese system is suited to big decisions. A change is president is one of the most crucial events in the life of a company, and it is an event in which the board of directors plays a central role. Because the ne... ...ns by consensus, and they have developed a systematic decision-making process. The critical first step in the Japanese decision-making system is to define the problem and then proceed through well-defined stages to arrive at an effective decision. For example, the Japanese flush out various opinions without any discussion of the answer. The Japanese focus on exploring and debating the merits of alternatives, rather than on the optimal solution. The process includes all parties that are affected by the decision. When a consensus is reached, the decision can be easily implemented because people implementing the decision were intimately involved in the decision-making process. The disagreement between Mr. Neyland and the board member regarding who should succeed Mr. Neyland has sabotaged the effective decision-making process. It is highly unlikely that the next president will be the "best" candidate, and politics will compromise the integrity of the decision process. Naturally, there are enormous implications for the economic health of the organization. American and European managers often make poor decisions, and the consequences can be devastating for their organizations.

To what extent can Reagan’s electoral victory in 1980 be put down to the rise of the new right?

1980's America saw a boom in a new group of hard-line Christians; known as the ‘new right', a powerful group of republican evangelicals set on restoring the American morals of old (with somewhat a very archaic mindset for example no equality for homosexuals etc. ) This group took a very strong liking to Reagan and his strong Christian moral conservatism and thus earned him millions of votes in the election of 1980. Was Reagan's victory largely down to the rise of the new right? Or were there other more prominent factors, which lead to Reagan's victory? In 1980s America TV could be used as a powerful political tool, 67% of American's received 100% of all there news from the television, this clearly showing if televised speeches, debate and propaganda were used correctly it could be a direct, simple and powerful method to connect with the people- winning over the votes of millions of American's. Reagan executed all his televised appearances like a professional (he was an ex-Hollywood ‘star' which definitely helped immensely,) ‘he could read an autocue like a professional'. Also his personal traits were key – portraying himself as a ‘physically attractive and charming man who was gracious and polite' this again helped him as all those were key and made Reagan a much more likeable person. Furthermore, Reagan also worked with general electric in the 60's where he was in charge of the TV shows; he also gained valuable electioneering skills during the job, as he had to meet thousands of people daily, also giving unrehearsed speeches to hundreds. The job handed him with a perfect chance to groom his campaigning skills to a respectable audience of 700,000, which was tiny compared to the people of America but still a good start, where he learnt how to be a people person and how to work the TV. In contrast to this his main opponent – incumbent president, Jimmy Carter was quite the opposite to the charming, attractive Reagan. He delivered his ‘crisis of confidence' speech where he found it easy to find problems but couldn't seem to deliver any solutions. This again showed Reagan's superiority in these areas where he delivered short and direct targets such as reviving American strength in the world once again. This again gained him popularity as it gave the people something to look forward to and it showed he meant business unlike the passive carter. Carter, having completed one term in power had done next to nothing useful, he became know as a man who would deal with problems when they came rather than trying to predict them and stop them from happening- not what you want for the worlds most powerful man. During his presidency he grew more foolish and weak in the eys of America. Almost nothing positive happened during his presidency; America's ditente with the USSR ended, there was an energy crisis. Also his failure of a brother somewhat cast negativity towards him making him look more foolish and weak. His ‘crisis of confidence' speech was completely crazy he informed America of its problems including a lack of leadership- ‘now all we need is leadership' a mildly retarded thing to say, as he was ‘the' leader of America, and still didn't give any solutions to the problems he presented. It was clear that nothing had changed for the good from Nixon's presidency. The economy was still stuck in the stagflation caused by Nixon, carter had done nothing but worsen it. Reagan used carters ‘nothing' presidency where almost nothing was done, to his advantage- he promised to renew prosperity by restoring the economy through ‘reaganomics' where there would be lower taxes and less regulation – curing the stagflation. No one knew it would work but it was a lot more than carter offered. Reagan also had vast amount of political training from being an active trade unionist where he established himself as a strong anti-communist (again extremely popular with the lingering cold war and also very popular with the new right who wanted a return of the traditional morals) and also the job was said to help ‘gain an apprenticeship in negotiating, to develop an instinct for when to ‘hang-tough' and when to cut a deal' by a political analyst- which would clearly help him become a successful president. He was also the governor of California from 1967-75, which was a massive success, and he managed to make California the seventh richest ‘country' in the world- showing he knew how to work economics, which is what America vitally needed! He also had the experience of running for president as he had attempted on two other occasions. All this political experience would be priceless for his campaign. Reagan was also extremely conservative which also gained him lots of votes- as he stood for mostly traditional values such as; no abortion, pornography, drugs, and equality for homosexuals. He was also a strong evangelical Christian, which initially gained him the support of the new right and with it groups such as the ‘moral majority' as they had the backing from Reagan and they believed he was going to bring American morals back. He also gained support from the Neo conservative's traditionalists and anti feminists, also vitally he managed to get the support of the born again Christians even though carter tried his hardest to gain there support being a born again Christian too, Reagan managed to do so with his conservative ideology. The new right was essential for his campaign, as Reagan had such radical ideas many would have seen him as crazy and never given him a chance – comparing him to the extremist Barry Goldwater. The new right rather embraced his ideas as they fitted in well with what they wanted. Reagan was extremely lucky that this spark in Christianity coincided with this electoral campaign as if he failed it would most probably be the end of him as he was aging and many were already hesitant to elect such an old man. In conclusion, ii feel it is very clear that the rise of the new right played a very significant role in Reagan's ascendancy to power, and without a doubt without this support he probably couldn't win as it allowed him to create a base of support from which he could build around and add onto. However, I believe that there were other more influencing factors which lead to his presidency such as his political ingeniousness particularly offering an intelligent solution to the stagflation suppressing the country, as well as the mans personal characteristics such as his personal charm and talent in front of the TV which allowed him to manipulate millions as they could see it with there own eyes that he was an astute leader. But, from the election results we see such a narrow win on Reagan's side this even so when millions of democrats didn't even vote, I believe that this shows us that Reagan won largely due to the failures of Carter as even though he was such a useless leader who did next to nothing he still managed to almost win the elections, furthermore he still came so close even with a large percent of his ‘party' boycotting the election- showing carter didn't have a very large support base, and if he did have decent opposition Reagan could have lost by a landslide.

Hot Wire Laboratory

THE UNIVERISTY OF MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL, AEROSPACE AND CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY REPORT INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT VORTEX SHEDDING FROM A CYLINDER & DATA ACQUISITION NAME:MANISH PITROLA STUDENT ID:75050320 COURSE:MEng MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DUE DATE:27TH NOVEMBER 2012 1) What are the main advantages and disadvantages of using a hotwire to measure flow velocities?There are many advantages and disadvantages of using a hotwire to measure flow velocities, one of the main advantages is the hotwire produces a continuous analogue output of the velocity at a particular point, and hence information about the velocity can be obtained for any specific time. Another advantage of using a hotwire anemometer is the ability to follow fluctuating velocities to a high accuracy. Also another advantage of using a hotwire anemometer is the sensor is able to relate the voltage and the velocity using hotwire theory. However even though hotwire anemometer is an adequate tool to obtain data it has its drawbacks. Read this  Respiratory ActivityOne disadvantage of using a hotwire is that it has to be calibrated due to the theory not coinciding with actual data and the hotwire can only obtain the magnitude of the flow and not the direction. Another disadvantage of using a hotwire is the unsystematic effects that occur such as contamination and probe vibration. Some systematic effects that affect the data are the ambient temperatures and eddy shedding from the wire. One of the main disadvantages of using a hotwire is the output depends on both velocity and temperature, so when the temperature of a fluid increases the measured velocity obtained are too low and adjustment is required. ) Why is setting the correct sampling rate important in digital data acquisition? What experimental parameters or requirements can be used to establish the optimum sampling rate? What may happen if the wrong sampling rate is used? Using the correct sampling rate is important because if the incorrect sampling rate i s used some aliasing effects may occur, presenting insufficient data where important data is ignored if the sampling rate is below the optimum, and if the sampling rate is above the optimum more accurate data is obtained which carries the same trend as the optimum with few distortion which are not required.This can cause inadequacy of the data, where recording is not frequent enough or too frequent. The optimum sampling rate can be established using the Nyquist theory which states that the maximum measures frequency is half the sampling frequency, however the bandwidth of the signal needs to considered, the rule for obtaining the sampling frequency of any probe must be at least 2. 5 times greater than the maximum frequency present. 3) Show how the sampling rate was determined for this experiment.What was the sampling rate? For a flow around a cylinder an empirical relation between the vortex shedding frequency and Reynolds number (Re) is used to find the sampling rate. The relations hip below is used to find the frequency in the flow where the Strouhal number is 0. 2, diameter (d) is 15mm and the free stream velocity (U0) is 10m/s. St=fdU0=0. 1981-19. 7Re? 0. 2 Then by simple algebraic rearranging the frequency is found to be 133. 3Hz. Therefore the maximum frequency experienced is 2f = 2*133. 3 = 266. 6Hz.To obtain the optimum sampling frequency we simply by using Nyquist theory multiply the maximum frequency by 2. 5 providing an optimum sampling rate of 666. 5Hz. The values for the sampling rate were taken as 330Hz, 660Hz and 1320Hz for experimental purposes to study the over and under sampling of data. 4) In the experiment the hotwire was calibrated in terms of velocity vs (E-E0)2. Plot out the calibrations for U = B((E-E0)2)n and the various polynomials. Compare the different lines. Which is the best to use? Figure [ 1 ] Figure [ 2 ] Figure [ 3 ]Figure [ 4 ] From the above graphs is can be seen that the best calibration to use is the cubic calibration (figu re 2) as this fits the actual velocity line more accurately. 5) If the velocity higher than the ones calibrated foer was measured, which calibration is likely to give the best extrapolated data? Figure [ 5 ] Figure [ 6 ] Figure [ 7 ] Figure [ 8 ] From the above graphs it can be seen that the worse extrapolated data is found using the quartic calibration and the best extrapolated data can be found using the linear calibration of A([V-Vo]^2)^n.Also higher order polynomial extrapolation can produce invalid values and as a result the error will magnify as high order of polynomials are used, so therefore the linear relationship is recommended. 6) In a fast Fourier transform (FFT) the data in the time domain is converted to the equivalent data in the frequency domain. The original data can therefore be considered as the sum of a series of sine waves of regularly spaced frequencies, with different magnitudes and phases. How is the frequency interval in the FFT determined? How can the frequ ency interval in an FFT be reduced?What impact could this have on an experiment? The frequency interval can be obtained by dividing the sampling rate by the number of samples used. For 660Hz the number of samples is 1024, so therefore the frequency interval is 660/1024 = 0. 6445. The frequency intervals can be reduced by increasing the number of samples used; this is advantageous as it gives a more accurate representation of the original signal. 7) Considering the FFT data, what can be done in an experiment to isolate genuine signals from random fluctuations in the data? Give an example of this in graphical form.Figure [ 9 ] Figure [ 10 ] From figure 9 it can be seen that the peak is unobtainable as the data is very noisy which could be due to disturbances. However this can be overcome by averaging the FFT which allows us to easily identify peaks which can be seen from figure 10. 8) In this experiment, why are 2 frequency peaks seen on the FFT when the hotwire is near the centre lin e? 2 frequency peaks can be seen on the FFT at the centreline due to the 2 vortices induced by the cylinder but as you move away from the centre line only one of the vortices is predominant.The two peaks occur at 129Hz and 250Hz. 9) With increasing distance from the centreline, how does the FFT distribution change? Include graphs to illustrate this for various locations across the wake. From the below figures it can be seen that as you move away from the centre line the peaks in the FFT distribution disappear. Figure [ 11 ] Figure [ 12 ] Figure [ 13 ] Figure [ 14 ] Figure [ 15 ] Figure [ 16 ] 10) Plot the probability distribution histograms of velocity for various positions across the wake.What does the histogram show and how can the variation in the histograms be explained in terms of the properties of the flow? Figure [ 17 ] Figure [ 18 ] Figure [ 19 ] Figure [ 20 ] Figure [ 21 ] Figure [ 22 ] By comparing the above probability distribution figures it can be seen that with distanc e away from the centreline the flow velocity develops a more uniform velocity. It can be seen that within the 40mm distance away from the centreline, the probability distribution of the velocity produces wide distribution of velocities; this is due to the various velocities inside the wake and turbulence.For distance more than 40mm away the probability distribution of velocity becomes more uniform, which implies the vortices play no role in affecting the flow at these distances away from the centreline. It can also be seen that the flow speed at these distances increases as the flow diverges and accelerates around the cylinder. 11) Plot a graph showing the variation of mean velocity, RMS velocity and turbulence intensity with distance across the wake. What physical phenomena in the flow are causing the distribution to be the shape they are?What do the results say about the size of the wake compared to the size of the cylinder? Figure [ 23 ] Figure [ 24 ] Figure [ 25 ] The vortices i n the flow cause turbulence to occur behind the cylinder which causes the distributions to change. It can be seen from figure 23 that the velocity changes instantaneously as you move away from the centreline, it can also be observed that from 45mm away and more the velocity start to become more uniform and fluctuate around the free stream velocity. From figure 25 and 25 from 45mm and onwards the RMS and RTI decrease.From the above graphs it can be deduced that the size of the wake is 45mm from the centreline or a total width of 90mm, which is 6 times the diameter of the cylinder. 12) What are the major sources of error likely to be in this experiment? Try and give a numerical estimate to the possible error(s) in the data. Some of the likely sources of error that may occur during this experiment are the calibration process as the hotwire was only calibrated at the centreline and as the hotwire was lowered using screw mechanism which it not totally accurate, there was no calibration o f the at the new position.Another source of error can be due to pressure fluctuations, and due to the velocity being measured using the pressure differences, these fluctuation can cause the velocity to vary. Another source of error could be the assumption of the flow being 2-d as turbulence is a 3-d. To calculate the error, I used the measured velocity table and the theoretical linear calibration velocity. Taking the average error, the percentage error in the experimental data was 5. 8%. Within a range Can not measure supersonic velocities Hot Wire Laboratory THE UNIVERISTY OF MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL, AEROSPACE AND CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY REPORT INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT VORTEX SHEDDING FROM A CYLINDER & DATA ACQUISITION NAME:MANISH PITROLA STUDENT ID:75050320 COURSE:MEng MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DUE DATE:27TH NOVEMBER 2012 1) What are the main advantages and disadvantages of using a hotwire to measure flow velocities?There are many advantages and disadvantages of using a hotwire to measure flow velocities, one of the main advantages is the hotwire produces a continuous analogue output of the velocity at a particular point, and hence information about the velocity can be obtained for any specific time. Another advantage of using a hotwire anemometer is the ability to follow fluctuating velocities to a high accuracy. Also another advantage of using a hotwire anemometer is the sensor is able to relate the voltage and the velocity using hotwire theory. However even though hotwire anemometer is an adequate tool to obtain data it has its drawbacks. Read this  Respiratory ActivityOne disadvantage of using a hotwire is that it has to be calibrated due to the theory not coinciding with actual data and the hotwire can only obtain the magnitude of the flow and not the direction. Another disadvantage of using a hotwire is the unsystematic effects that occur such as contamination and probe vibration. Some systematic effects that affect the data are the ambient temperatures and eddy shedding from the wire. One of the main disadvantages of using a hotwire is the output depends on both velocity and temperature, so when the temperature of a fluid increases the measured velocity obtained are too low and adjustment is required. ) Why is setting the correct sampling rate important in digital data acquisition? What experimental parameters or requirements can be used to establish the optimum sampling rate? What may happen if the wrong sampling rate is used? Using the correct sampling rate is important because if the incorrect sampling rate i s used some aliasing effects may occur, presenting insufficient data where important data is ignored if the sampling rate is below the optimum, and if the sampling rate is above the optimum more accurate data is obtained which carries the same trend as the optimum with few distortion which are not required.This can cause inadequacy of the data, where recording is not frequent enough or too frequent. The optimum sampling rate can be established using the Nyquist theory which states that the maximum measures frequency is half the sampling frequency, however the bandwidth of the signal needs to considered, the rule for obtaining the sampling frequency of any probe must be at least 2. 5 times greater than the maximum frequency present. 3) Show how the sampling rate was determined for this experiment.What was the sampling rate? For a flow around a cylinder an empirical relation between the vortex shedding frequency and Reynolds number (Re) is used to find the sampling rate. The relations hip below is used to find the frequency in the flow where the Strouhal number is 0. 2, diameter (d) is 15mm and the free stream velocity (U0) is 10m/s. St=fdU0=0. 1981-19. 7Re? 0. 2 Then by simple algebraic rearranging the frequency is found to be 133. 3Hz. Therefore the maximum frequency experienced is 2f = 2*133. 3 = 266. 6Hz.To obtain the optimum sampling frequency we simply by using Nyquist theory multiply the maximum frequency by 2. 5 providing an optimum sampling rate of 666. 5Hz. The values for the sampling rate were taken as 330Hz, 660Hz and 1320Hz for experimental purposes to study the over and under sampling of data. 4) In the experiment the hotwire was calibrated in terms of velocity vs (E-E0)2. Plot out the calibrations for U = B((E-E0)2)n and the various polynomials. Compare the different lines. Which is the best to use? Figure [ 1 ] Figure [ 2 ] Figure [ 3 ]Figure [ 4 ] From the above graphs is can be seen that the best calibration to use is the cubic calibration (figu re 2) as this fits the actual velocity line more accurately. 5) If the velocity higher than the ones calibrated foer was measured, which calibration is likely to give the best extrapolated data? Figure [ 5 ] Figure [ 6 ] Figure [ 7 ] Figure [ 8 ] From the above graphs it can be seen that the worse extrapolated data is found using the quartic calibration and the best extrapolated data can be found using the linear calibration of A([V-Vo]^2)^n.Also higher order polynomial extrapolation can produce invalid values and as a result the error will magnify as high order of polynomials are used, so therefore the linear relationship is recommended. 6) In a fast Fourier transform (FFT) the data in the time domain is converted to the equivalent data in the frequency domain. The original data can therefore be considered as the sum of a series of sine waves of regularly spaced frequencies, with different magnitudes and phases. How is the frequency interval in the FFT determined? How can the frequ ency interval in an FFT be reduced?What impact could this have on an experiment? The frequency interval can be obtained by dividing the sampling rate by the number of samples used. For 660Hz the number of samples is 1024, so therefore the frequency interval is 660/1024 = 0. 6445. The frequency intervals can be reduced by increasing the number of samples used; this is advantageous as it gives a more accurate representation of the original signal. 7) Considering the FFT data, what can be done in an experiment to isolate genuine signals from random fluctuations in the data? Give an example of this in graphical form.Figure [ 9 ] Figure [ 10 ] From figure 9 it can be seen that the peak is unobtainable as the data is very noisy which could be due to disturbances. However this can be overcome by averaging the FFT which allows us to easily identify peaks which can be seen from figure 10. 8) In this experiment, why are 2 frequency peaks seen on the FFT when the hotwire is near the centre lin e? 2 frequency peaks can be seen on the FFT at the centreline due to the 2 vortices induced by the cylinder but as you move away from the centre line only one of the vortices is predominant.The two peaks occur at 129Hz and 250Hz. 9) With increasing distance from the centreline, how does the FFT distribution change? Include graphs to illustrate this for various locations across the wake. From the below figures it can be seen that as you move away from the centre line the peaks in the FFT distribution disappear. Figure [ 11 ] Figure [ 12 ] Figure [ 13 ] Figure [ 14 ] Figure [ 15 ] Figure [ 16 ] 10) Plot the probability distribution histograms of velocity for various positions across the wake.What does the histogram show and how can the variation in the histograms be explained in terms of the properties of the flow? Figure [ 17 ] Figure [ 18 ] Figure [ 19 ] Figure [ 20 ] Figure [ 21 ] Figure [ 22 ] By comparing the above probability distribution figures it can be seen that with distanc e away from the centreline the flow velocity develops a more uniform velocity. It can be seen that within the 40mm distance away from the centreline, the probability distribution of the velocity produces wide distribution of velocities; this is due to the various velocities inside the wake and turbulence.For distance more than 40mm away the probability distribution of velocity becomes more uniform, which implies the vortices play no role in affecting the flow at these distances away from the centreline. It can also be seen that the flow speed at these distances increases as the flow diverges and accelerates around the cylinder. 11) Plot a graph showing the variation of mean velocity, RMS velocity and turbulence intensity with distance across the wake. What physical phenomena in the flow are causing the distribution to be the shape they are?What do the results say about the size of the wake compared to the size of the cylinder? Figure [ 23 ] Figure [ 24 ] Figure [ 25 ] The vortices i n the flow cause turbulence to occur behind the cylinder which causes the distributions to change. It can be seen from figure 23 that the velocity changes instantaneously as you move away from the centreline, it can also be observed that from 45mm away and more the velocity start to become more uniform and fluctuate around the free stream velocity. From figure 25 and 25 from 45mm and onwards the RMS and RTI decrease.From the above graphs it can be deduced that the size of the wake is 45mm from the centreline or a total width of 90mm, which is 6 times the diameter of the cylinder. 12) What are the major sources of error likely to be in this experiment? Try and give a numerical estimate to the possible error(s) in the data. Some of the likely sources of error that may occur during this experiment are the calibration process as the hotwire was only calibrated at the centreline and as the hotwire was lowered using screw mechanism which it not totally accurate, there was no calibration o f the at the new position.Another source of error can be due to pressure fluctuations, and due to the velocity being measured using the pressure differences, these fluctuation can cause the velocity to vary. Another source of error could be the assumption of the flow being 2-d as turbulence is a 3-d. To calculate the error, I used the measured velocity table and the theoretical linear calibration velocity. Taking the average error, the percentage error in the experimental data was 5. 8%. Within a range Can not measure supersonic velocities

Definition and Examples of Conjuncts in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Conjuncts in English Grammar In English grammar, a conjunct, from the Latin, join together, is a word, phrase, or clause linked to another word, phrase, or clause through coordination. For instance, two clauses connected by and (The clown laughed and the child cried) are conjuncts. It may also called a conjoin. The term conjunct can also refer to an adverbial(such as therefore, however, namely) that indicates the relationship in meaning between two independent clauses. The more traditional term for this kind of adverbial is conjunctive adverb. Examples (Definition #1) George and Martha dined alone at Mount Vernon.The back of my head and the head of the bat collided.The dogs barked furiously, and the cat scampered up the tree. Take, for instance, the following sentences from The Revolutionist, [one] of [Ernest] Hemingways short stories [from In Our Time]: He was very shy and quite young and the train men passed him on from one crew to another. He had no money, and they fed him behind the counter in railway eating houses.​​ (Jonathan Cape edn, p. 302) Even in the second sentence, the two clauses which form the conjunct are linked by and, and not, as one might expect in such a discourse context, by so or but. The suppression of complex connectivity in this way seems to have baffled some critics, with comments on the famous Hemingway and ranging from the vague to the nonsensical. (Paul Simpson, Language, Ideology and Point of View. Routledge, 1993) Coordinate Structure Constraint Although a wide variety of structures can be conjoined, not all coordinations are acceptable. One of the first generalizations regarding coordination is Rosss Coordinate Structure Constraint (1967). This constraint states that coordination does not allow for asymmetrical constructions. For example, the sentence This is the man whom Kim likes and Sandy hates Pat is unacceptable, because only the first conjunct is relativized. The sentence This is the man whom Kim likes and Sandy hates is acceptable, because both conjuncts are relativized. . . . Linguists are further concerned with which material is allowed as a conjunct in a coordinate construction. The second example showed conjoined sentences, but coordination is also possible for noun phrases as in the apples and the pears, verb phrases like run fast or jump high and adjectival phrases such as rich and very famous, etc. Both sentences and phrases intuitively form meaningful units within a sentence, called constituents. Subject and verb do not form a constituent in some frameworks of generative grammar. However, they can occur together as a conjunct in the sentence Kim bought, and Sandy sold, three paintings yesterday. (Petra Hendriks, Coordination. Encyclopedia of Linguistics, ed. by Philipp Strazny. Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005) Collective and Average Property Interpretations Consider sentences such as these: The American family used less water this year than last year. The small businessperson in Edmonton paid nearly $30 million in taxes but only made $43,000 in profits last year. The former sentence is ambiguous between the collective and average property interpretations. It could be true that the average American family used less water this year than last while the collective American family used more (due to more families); conversely, it could be true that the average family used more but the collective family used less. As to the latter sentence, which is admittedly somewhat strange (but might be used to further the political interests of Edmonton businesspeople), our world [knowledge] tells us that the first conjunct of the VP must be interpreted as a collective property, since certainly the average businessperson, even in wealthy Edmonton, does not pay $30 million in taxes; but our world knowledge also tells us that the second of the VP conjunctions is to be given an average property interpretation. (Manfred Krifka et al., Genericity: An Introduction. The Generic Book, ed. by Gregory N. Carlson and Francis Jeffry Pelletier. The University of Chicago Pre ss, 1995) Interpreting Naturally and Accidentally Coordinated Noun Phrases [Bernhard] Wlchli ([Co-compounds and Natural Coordination] 2005) discussed two types of coordination: natural and accidental. Natural coordination refers to cases where two conjuncts are semantically closely related (e.g. mum and dad, boys and girls) and are expected to co-occur. On the other hand, accidental coordination refers to cases where the two conjuncts are distant from each other (e.g. boys and chairs, apples and three babies) and are not expected to co-occur. If the two NPs form natural coordination, they tend to be interpreted as a whole. But, if they are accidentally put together, they are interpreted independently. (Jieun Kiaer, Pragmatic Syntax. Bloomsbury, 2014) Declaratives Interrogatives Interestingly, an interrogative main clause can be co-ordinated with a declarative main clause, as we see from sentences like (50) below: (50) [I am feeling thirsty], but [ should I save my last Coke till later]? In (50) we have two (bracketed) main clauses joined together by the co-ordinating conjunction but. The second (italicised) conjunct should I save my last Coke till later? is an interrogative CP [complementiser phrase] containing an inverted auxiliary in the head C position of CP. Given the traditional assumption that only constituents which belong to the same category can be co-ordinated, it follows that the first conjunct I am feeling thirsty must also be a CP; and since it contains no overt complementiser, it must be headed by a null complementiser . . .. (Andrew Radford, An Introduction to English Sentence Structure. Cambridge University Press, 2009) Related Grammar Definitions Compound SentenceConjunction and Coordinating ConjunctionCorrelative Conjunctions

The Question Mark

The Question Mark The Question Mark The Question Mark By Sharon The question mark is used at the end of a direct question. Example: What is your name? she asked. It may also be used at the end of a tag question, which changes a statement into a question. Example: He left early, didnt he? Question marks should not be used at the end of indirect questions, such as: I asked my mother whether there were any messages. In a sentence which contains multiple questions, you may include a question mark after each. Example: Who saw the victim last? Her husband? Her son? Her daughter? Question marks are also used to denote missing information. This punctuation mark was first seen in the 8th century and was called the punctus interrogativus. There are many theories about the origin of the symbol, which has changed several times before settling on its current form in the 18th century. The Latin for question was quaestio, which was abbreviated to Qo in the Middle Ages. Its thought that the modern symbol represents the Q placed over the O. The term question mark dates from the 19th century. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of InfinitivesBody Parts as Tools of Measurement75 Synonyms for â€Å"Hard†

The Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Situation - Essay Example According to the constitution, the federal government cannot enter into treaties with an entity, unless it is fully sovereign. The US government between the years 1790 and 1870 has entered into 371 treaties that affirm their sovereignty that is now both inherent and constitutionally valid (Churchill, 1985, p. 31). Throughout history, there have been numerous instances, besides the occupation of their homeland, whereby the government has failed to safeguard the interest of the Native Americans. Furthermore, from an economic point of view, the territories under the Native American tribes are extremely well-endowed with minerals and energy resources. Hence, not only from an ethical viewpoint, the Native American population deserves to enjoy the status of a Nation from a legal and economic perspective as well. The Native population is further divided into three very distinct racial units. Hence essentially there is no all-encompassing term for the numerous racial divisions of the indigenous population of North America (Churchill, 1985, p. 30). Despite the fact that the American constitution has was composed in order to safe guard the interest of every group, but so far it has failed to do anything for the indigenous people or even control the crimes that take place within these tribes. Inherent sovereignty may be a barrier, but it further demonstrates one of the key flaws within the country’s legislative and judicial system that has been unable to reach a position of compromise with the Native American tribesmen and the Government. The situation of the indigenous population is the perfect embodiment of the concept of ‘Internal colonialism’; which is the glaring disparity in development between two regions within the same society. As pointed out and elaborated by Churchill, it is truly a shame that the system fails to protect the rights of the

Summaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summaries - Essay Example Among these sources of threats include malicious codes, industrial espionage, malicious hackers, loss of some physical and infrastructural support, incidences of employee sabotage, fraud and theft, errors and omissions, and threats to personal privacy. A computer virus is a code segment that is capable of replicating by possibly attaching copies of it to existing executable files, implying that viruses can exist in a computer without infecting the system; not unless one opens or runs the malicious program. It is majorly spread by sharing of infected files through emails and removable disks. A worm, on the other hand, is a self-replicating program or algorithm which has the capability of creating copies of it and thereafter executing without the requirement of a host program or user interventions. Just like in the case of viruses, worms exploit the use of network services to propagate itself to other hosts systems within the network topology. A Trojan horse is a program which performs a desired task, however, which also includes the unexpected functions. After installation or running of the Trojan horse, it gets activated and starts to alter the desktops by adding ridiculous active desktop icons; deleting files and destroying other information on the systems; and creating backdoor on the computer systems to offer malicious users the easy lee-ways into the system. Its unique feature that explicitly distinguishes it from worms and viruses are that it does not actually replicate/ reproduce by infecting other files. A Blended threat is rather more sophisticated in the sense that it bundles the worst known features or viruses, worms, Trojan horse and malicious codes. For its aided transmission, it can exploit the server and the linked internet vulnerabilities to initiate, and thereafter transmit by spreading its attacks to other various systems interlinked within the network structure. Blended threats are characterized by

A Man Made Marvel of the Twentieth Century Essay

A Man Made Marvel of the Twentieth Century - Essay Example Protocols most common in use are the internet protocol (IP) or the transmission control protocol(TCP).Modern day protocols can work in all wired and wireless networks. Earlier networking meant Ethernet cable connection using physical wires, which was seen everywhere in the school, offices and homes. However nowadays wireless technology has taken precedence and has become hugely popular. Wireless technologies operate by using infra red signals, or radio waves or microwaves for their transmission and connectivity. This is far more advantageous as it offers mobility without the cumbersome wires. Wireless LANS use spread spectrum and high frequency radio technology system for their wireless transmission within a limited area of use and this radio technology match up to the Wi-Fi standards of 802.11b. Another popular wireless network protocol is the ‘bluetooth’ used for data exchange within a distance of 100 metres. Other wireless web includes PDAs and cell phones that offer connection at all places and all times. In Terrestrial microwaves, another wireless network, transmission occurs through low gigahertz range and uses terrestrial or earth based devices for transmission and reception. Here antennas are required for network which are placed atop buildings and hills. Communicating satellites which are parked in space, transmit voice signals and other data by using microwave waves as these don’t get deviated by the earth’s atmospheric intervention. Wired technologies are varied and many are still in use and quite popular too.

Inclusive Education Essay Example for Free

Inclusive Education Essay In this assignment I will be critiquing a peer reviewed research article which explores an aspect of interprofessional practice. I will reflect on my practice and identify how the research discussed with in the article impacts and challenges my thinking and approach. By critiquing the journal – Early Years: An International Research Journal, I will show knowledge and understanding of other professional roles in early years under pinned by theory I have researched. My own understanding of inclusive practice in early years is that All children, irrespective of ethnicity, culture or religion, home language, family background, learning difficulties or disabilities, gender or ability should have the opportunity to experience a challenging and enjoyable programme of learning and development. (Early Years Statutory Framework, 2014, 1.15) The journal focuses on 52 early years practitioners from England, their experience of interprofessional working, woven together and their level of confidence and competence also different settings such as children’s centres, preschool settings and private settings as well as community preschool as it has been the fore front of government policy in UK since the inquiry into Victoria Climbie I have focused on three prime aspects from the journal: training, communication with multiagencies and support which I think is key regarding my own reflection of my practice as well as the impact on my thinking approach. The writers of the journal are Jane Payler and Jan Georgeson (2009) but nowhere in the journal are their qualifications and backgrounds cited. It is unclear that the writers are professional s or have had any practical experience in early years. It does not tell you where the settings are located and which back ground the children and families are from. I believe if all this information was given it may have been clear to the readers why we believe that research done in the deprived area has a  huge impact on their achieving when it comes to budget training and skills. If it was a deprived area they might be struggling with the funds, resources and support. On page b385 it states that they sent the questionnaires out but I believe all the methods used had weaknesses as it does not say anywhere what language they were using and what sort of questions were asked. Throughout the journal the writers praise the efforts that are made from the children’s centre in terms of working with inter professionals. As a reader I felt they were biased towards the children centre as throughout their article they have mentioned several times about how well children centres are doing, in comparison to preschool and private nurseries. Even the tables indicate that the children’s centres are performing at the top and preschool and private settings are nowhere near their achievement and successes. On page 387 of the journal it states that during her research it clearly showed that the children’s centres showed a secure understanding of procedure as well as confidence in approaching other agencies. The first aspect explored was training needs. The Journal article states that â€Å"the survey done was completed by 52 early years practitioners who were either undergoing, or had recently completed training for early years professional status.† Due to the level of education, it is clear to me why most of them were confident when working with outer agencies and writing reports according to the NutBrown review of early education and childcare qualifications interim report (March 2012) â€Å"Getting qualifications right will help to ensure that women and men enter the profession with the skills and experiences they need to do the best work with young children and their families. Well taught courses and learning routes that lead to reliable qualifications can help early year’s practitioners to improve their skills, knowledge and understanding, constantly developing in their roles.â€Å" This has made me reflect on my own training in regards to what I need to attend in terms of inclusive education and its importance as it is clearly shows in the journal on pg381 that the staff members with high qualifications and training were more confident in approaching and writing IEPS (Individual Educational Plan). As I was reading the journal one thing which really drew my attention was that it talked about the staff training being inconsistent. In some places staff seemed confident and in some places they were not. My  self being an early year’s practitioner and working in a private sector I can relate to the problems as staff are expected to go on training in their own time. Working within the Borough of Hounslow I have experienced first-hand cuts that have definitely been made in regards to training. According to the Guardian published in 2011 heading â€Å"The government is putting training out of reach of those who need it most in early years’’. (Th e Guardian, 2011) It goes on further to state thatâ€Å" From August colleges and training providers, in the main, will receive only half the cost of courses’’. This results in training being harder to gain. In order to go onto training you now have to firstly go onto a waiting list. Not only has that had an impact on your practice but also a staff member’s confidence with dealing with any situation which that training may have addressed. Another issue is that we now, as a setting, have to pay for the training. If a setting is low on funds the training cannot take place and so the staff members, as well as, children, parents and the setting, miss out. Covering the staff on training and courses exacerbates the situation.† It is also shown on page 390 of the journal that due to the cuts the speech and language therapist who will come to the setting one day fortnightly was reduced to once a week which impacts on the children having to refer somewhere else and not having an inc lusive service. I have been affected by this last year as I was told that there was no money left in Hounslow borough to give out for inclusion support staff which resulted on my having to use the staff I had already to support the child’s need . Despite the above and reflecting on my own practice, I believe early years practitioners do the best when it comes to identifying a child with a need, as they are the primary carers after the parents. In my belief, other agencies might have the qualifications but we as practitioners are the ones who identify the problem and so refer them on. As stated in the new EYFS (2014 3.20) â€Å"providers must support staff to undertake appropriate training and professional development opportunities to ensure they offer equality, learning and development that continually improves.† The second aspect which came to my attention was the different level of support throughout the children’s centre, preschool and private nursery. It was astonishing to see that the children’s centres were given the most support and due to this it is not a surprise that they were the most confident in approaching the  outside agencies and writing reports. This is clear due to their inter links with the outside agencies. According to the article they state that in every child’s centre in London they have family support, speech and language therapists as well as health visitors who are designated to each children’s centre. Due to that reason, I believe that they have far more support including regular meetings, interactions and support; however, private nurseries and preschools do not get that support and rely on communication based on letters as well as emails and phone calls, which is not always reliable and as effective as meetings. From my own experience I have noticed that once you identify a concern with a child’s speech and language, the referral takes over six months to completely get a response from a speech and language therapist. In Hounslow alone there is a long waiting list of children waiting to be seen by a speech and language therapist. Due to this, it is no doubt in my mind that having an in-house speech and language therapist or to even have a type of training in order to help and support children with their need as now out of? â€Å"Children coming to school are in need of some sort of speech and language support’’. (I CAN Talk Series – Issue 6) This has challenged my thinking and approach I would definitely like in my setting, as a manager, ascend a staff member to see how the speech and therapist works so they can come back and continue with the therapist approach. It was described by one of the practitioners that sitting with a child whilst seen by the therapist helped her to support the child page 389. I would love to be able to do so in my setting. I can support children with some support while the child is waiting to be seen by the speech and language therapist. Once the child has been seen by the speech and language therapist I make sure I have the copy of the recommendations and advice made by the therapist, so I can use the same strategies used by the therapist. According to I CAN, an organisation that helps children to communicate, ‘‘In some parts of the UK, particularly in areas of poverty over half of children start school with speech, language and communication needs.’’ â€Å"That means 2 to 3 students in every classroom have significant communication difficulties.’’ (I CAN Talk Series – Issue 6) One of the other aspects which came to my attention was that throughout the article it is c lear to me that there has been effective communication within the children‘s centre as there have been professional  staff on site; therefore all communication is face to face especially with speech and language therapists. Whereas private and other settings do not have this capacity and funds so all the communication involving outside agencies is on paper. It is clearly shown in figure 1 page387 that the children’s centres were 100 % on target when it comes to face to face contact with outside agencies. Other settings like independent preschools where I am employed are only doing 75% of face to face contact when it comes to communication and although it’s only 75% contact it is effective within that percentage. I agree with this as my own private setting has to rely on emails, phone calls and paper. This is also clearly stated in the journal on page 387. On page 395 it tells you about the need of the effective inter professionals practice in early years and their belief that it will be possible once the two year old check for disadvantaged children is extended. Since the 2 year check has been introduced I have experienced more regular contact with the health visitor. I have experienced di fferent types of response when it comes to effective communication. As in the document one part needs to be done by the practitioner one by the parents and one need to be done by the health visitor regarding any concern with the child. Some health visitors will be very particular in writing about the child’s health and on other hand some health visitors will write little information concerning the child and leave it as ‘no concerns’. Conclusion: The article helped me to reflect on my practice and identify key issues that impact and challenge my thinking and approach. For me, inclusion is not simply the toleration of all pupils, but the active provision of opportunities for all to feel good about themselves and to have the chance to flourish, whatever their individual needs and potential barriers to learn might be. Whatever difficulties may arise in dealing with the outside agencies ,distance between the professionals and resources and funds available as a particular I believe we have a legal duty to make sure we do the best when it comes to equality and diversity (inclusive and inclusion). In my setting and practice I have made sure that I provide and implement a clear policy and procedure to promote equality and support to every child in need as up held by the legal frame work in EYFS 3.66. It was also clearly stated in the journal on page 389 that settings doing their best when it comes to competence in developing their knowledge and network for inter-professionals over a period  of time were based on their knowledge and greater experience of integrated provision. Effective working practice with outside agencies should occur whatever the contact is, face to face or remote. As a practitioner it is our responsibility to make sure the child is covered within the inclusion policy. The second part of my assignment will be focusing on communication and the importance of communication in settings between other agencies, staff and parents/guardians. The word â€Å"communication† comes from the Latin word â€Å"communis,† meaning â€Å"to share.† (Communication studies). I believe sharing is a very important element when working within your practice, with parents and outside agencies. Personally I believe communication â€Å"is the act of conveying information for the purpose of creating a shared understanding. And includes verbal, non-verbal and electronic means† (Communication studies) According to Pietroni (1992) â€Å"We should not underestimate the many factors that challenge working relationships between professionals. Most fundamental is communication.† â€Å"To achieve better integration of services and organisation, The Children’s Act 2004 required local authorities to enter into partnership arrangements with parents who, in turn, carried reciprocal duties to cooperate.† -Aubrey Carol. â€Å"As suggested by the Laming Report, the Common Assessment Framework(CAF) was introduced as a standardised approach to assessing children’s additional needs. CAF supports the identification of a child’s additional needs which are not currently being met at the earliest possible stage.† (How children learn, Pg. 59) As an early years professional it is very important that I use communication effectively regardless of the type of setting, the ability to communicate effectively is crucial for developing positive relationships with children, young people and their families, colleagues and other professionals. Not only does it pave the way for a happy working environment but it is also a core unit of study for most children and young people especially when working with inclusion. In my setting I am the manager and the SENCO. I believe we are at the stage of norming as described by Tuckman in his performing team development models. Consensus largely forms among the team, our team responds well to reinforcement by a leader. Roles and responsibilities are clearly defined and important decisions are discussed and agreed upon by the entire team. Smaller decisions may be delegated to  individuals or small teams within a group not only to empower the members of staff but to ensure each staff member understands how to handle decision making and help them to gain experience. Our team also discusses and develops our processes and working styles and are always adapting and evolving in parallel to new research and studies. There is overall respect for team leaders and leadership is shared by the team. Leader facilitates and enables (similar to the Situational Leadership Participating mode). Working beside staff is very important to make sure we have an effective chain of communication which is strong and healthy. In support of this â€Å"Good communication practices need to be built into the policies and procedures of a setting† (Communication studies: what is communication) In our setting we make sure we work alongside parents as they are the â€Å"first educators† (Early Years Foundation Stage – EYFS, 2.2.) To help children achieve their full potential we make sure that practitioners investigate the experiences families and children receive when they attend our setting. Their feedback is essential to us as it helps us to further improve and meet the needs of parents more successfully. As part of gaining insight into the experiences of children and parents in our setting we send out surveys and questionnaires for parents to express their opinion through, this is especially effective if the parent does not feel comfortable expressing their opinion face to face with a member of staff. In addition to this our setting has an open door policy where every morning members of st aff are available to talk to; our staffs are multilingual and can communicate with a vast range of parents. We also have a text and email system in place for the parents who are working and don’t have time to complete surveys or get in touch with the staff. All these systems are in place to ensure effective communication. Coffee mornings are also in place and provide greater opportunities for parents to discuss their feelings in an informal atmosphere. Some settings invite parents to attend a short nursery rhyme performance and a chat about their experiences of the setting. We, at our setting take the ethos of â€Å"parents as partners†. Research tells us that the parents have the most influence over child development and so practitioners will serve children better by working in partnership with the parents. Practitioners also need to be mindful of the parents’ readiness to engage. There are many factors that should be considered when communicating or  attempting to communicate with parents such as communication barriers. Some of these barriers include time constrain ts regarding parents working hours, story time and language issues and if the parent may have special needs. Another communication barrier is if the engagement may be difficult due to family issues (such as a new baby, caring for a relative, domestic violence, health issues, and unusual working patterns.) It is only by understanding parents and valuing their input that practitioners will be able to acknowledge their readiness to engage with the setting. Strong and positive communication and relationships between staff, parents and children will help to develop an atmosphere of trust and comfort. Some children may receive additional support from agencies for their communication development. It is essential that practitioners work in partnership with these agencies to maximize the benefit for the child as it also states in EYFS â€Å"When parents and practitioners work together in early years settings, the results have a positive impact on children’s development and learning.† (EYFS, 2.2) Our setting works closely alongside outside agencies and take the multi-agency approach to make sure we provide the best care to the children. We also follow EYFS guide lines which states in i.16 â€Å"Close working between early year’s practitioners and parents is vital for the identification of children’s learning needs and to ensure a quick response to any area of particular difficulty. Parents and families are central to a child’s wellbeing and practitioners should support this important relationship by sharing information and offering support for extending learning in the home†. To make sure this is happening effectively we have implemented a key person system. Each child has a key person allocated before they start at the setting; it is established before the child starts the setting and on the basis of the initial meeting on induction day and the information gathered from paperwork. An example of this in practice is during introduction staff members meet all the parents and the children. If during the meeting we identify any information about the child’s specific needs such as speech/language/physical issues and the parents need e.g. parents first language is not English, the key person is chosen to suit the need of the child’s /parents so they have better communication and feel more comfortable and at ease. Parents can feel confident in communication with staff members and between their children and staff. The role of the key  person is too gather as much information as possible before the child starts the setting so that the settling in time can be arranged according to the child’s needs and interest. On the child’s first day the key person sets the activity of the child according to the child’s perceived interest and ability to ensure comfort and a sense of safety for the child. In addition to this the key person is responsible for noting and observing the activities of the child. After the initial meeting of the child and pare nts the SENCO of the setting (me) sit down and asses and evaluate any issues or concerns. An example of this is a child who attended my setting and during the induction day the mother had mentioned that the child is shy and an introvert. However upon observing the child during induction activities I learnt that the child may be more than just shy or anti-social. I came to this conclusion as I had noticed the child avoided eye contact and would only play with one toy, a toy car in which he would move it up and down in a continuous pose. The child also flapped their hands as a result of excitement. After the introduction I sat with my staff and talked about the day and mentioned the particular child. I then allocated myself as the child’s key person. I felt I had more rapport with the child and insight than any other member of staff. I then shared my thoughts and observations I had made during the day and offered some solutions and plans of action. During the first few weeks of the child attending the setting I conducted many observations and also got in touch with m y local SENCO and shared my concern over the phone. We then collectively arranged a day for her to come and observe the child. I double checked and ensured there was no further help I could provide and did all that was possible for the child e.g. the child enjoyed sticking doodles wherever he could and so I made a little post-box in each corner of the classroom and moved any hazards such as televisions as he loved sticking notes on the screens of television and computers. I also maintained daily contact with the mother and even asked her if it was possible to come earlier to pick him up as he became very upset when seeing other parents pick up their children. And made the mother aware of the assistance I was receiving from my local SENCO. I explained how it was vital to contact my area SENCO as they could provide advice which would further help me to support her child to the best of my ability. On the mothers agreement permission my area SENCO visited me and observed the child  she later introduced herself to the mother, she explained her role and what she could do for her child. We arranged a meeting to discuss the concern we have as a team and our plans to set up a IEP so that we are to help and support the child on confirming the date we made sure that all the people involved are available such as the mother, area SENCO and myself the setting SENCO. We explained everything to the mother for example what an IEP is and what we were trying to accomplish with it. My role was to arrange a support worker who would work alongside the child to support his needs. On our meeting day we all sat down together with all staff members who were going to support the child. Everyone shared their thoughts individually and expressed their opinions. In the end we set up IEP targets to help the child develop skills and improve, these targets were made in shared agreement. Each individual involved was given a copy of the IEP targets, this ensured that all staff members involved in relation to the child was aware of the child’s difficulties and aware of processes to help overcome them and that we all were all shared same vision to establish positive relation, both with each other and what’s best for the child. I personally believe â€Å"A trusting relationship between the practitioner and parents begins with the initial contact and it is crucial that from the start, parents appreciate that staff value their knowledge and understanding of their child.† (Working in partnership with parents, EYFS Principle) â€Å"a professional and honest approach by all staff will be the baseline in building the feeling of trust† as also reinforced in the government good practice guide as well as in Working Together to Safeguard Children, 2013 states â€Å"all professionals contribute to whatever actions are needed to safeguard and promote a childs welfare and take part in regularly reviewing the outcomes for the child against specific plans and outcomes;† according to the report published a HM inspector in 2007 talks about working together with professionals and has stated that it is important that we as a practitioner enable ‘’parents to play a stronger role as partners in their child’s learning and development.† The staff also share the IEP so all the other staff are also aware of what is our common goals as a team as I believe it is very important to work as an effective team and to have the common goals. For me teamwork is like an oil that makes the team work. It can enable smoother movement towards targets, can prolong forward momentum, and can help teams to overcome  obstacles. In my setting I make sure when I communicate to my staff, parents and professionals I perform as an adult as a model of Berne’s transactional analysis theory. As I believe if you talk like a child you will get a reaction like a child so it is very important that you make sure you come across as someone you want to be, as an adult or someone representing an accounting function or model. We need to be communicating like an adult. To make sure the staff is confident in doing the targets I arrange for the staff to go on training to be able to support the child as it is vital to me to make a â€Å"quality lea rning experience for children and this requires a quality workforce†¦ providers should regularly consider the training and development needs of all staff members to ensure that they offer a quality learning experience for children that continually improve† (Department of Education 2012). We also have professionals come to our setting to train the staff on the IEP targets such as bucket time. Intensive interaction and especial time in the setting â€Å"the staff trained that share their experience and knowledge with less experienced staff, in order to ensure that continuing professional development takes place†. (EYE VOLUME 14) The professionals who train the staff come to the setting to work with the key person to see if they are using the training effectively. I have regular contact with the professional through phone, email, and through paper. We have regular interaction with the outside agency and termly meetings in which the child’s progress and next steps to take are addressed. During the meetings the child’s transition is also discussed as it is very important to make sure the child moves to the next setting with all the support and the hard work achieved by us at our setting is implemented and continued. I sat with the mum and the area SENCO to explain to mum the options she has to choose from as in the end it’s what she wants for the child that is important.as it is clearly stated in the SEN code of practice working in partnership with parents 2.2 â€Å"parents too have a vital role to play in supporting their child’s education.† They hold key information and have a critical role to play in their children’s education. It continues to state that parents have â€Å"knowledge and experience to contribute to the shared view of a child’s needs and the best ways of supporting them.† So I believe it is very important that professionals (schools, LEAs and other agencies) actively seek to work with parents and value the contribution they make. It  is my belief that â€Å"The work of professionals can be more effective when parents are involved and account is taken of their wishes, feelings and perspectives on their children’s development.â €  In the document it continues stating â€Å"When practitioners are friendly and have a genuine interest in the children, parents come to like and trust them, and mutual respect can flourish.† According to B Sandra who is the consultant and director of Early Years gives some recommendation on effective communication according to her recommendation we need to give full attention to the person who we were communication, we need to be aware of our body language, need to resist any ways to interrupt. We need to take account of individual need and be flexible in the way they communicate and be ready to ask for help when required, be honest about what we know and what we don’t know, one of the other recommendation is that we need to be sensitive to culture differences as in some cultures direct eye contact is class as been rude in other culture satin cultures certain gestures are classed as rude.so care is needed when communication. While communication with a person with English as a additional needs we need to use photos, and visual aid. Someone with hearing aid needs to be communicating visual aid as well as use of British sigh language to make sure effective communication is taking place. To conclude my assignment I believe that a happier, healthier and better-informed workforce leads to a better setting. And that engaging your workforce with the right kind of communication, delivered regularly and efficiently through appropriate channels and means can make a big difference to all involved, for example you, your staff, child, parents and outside agencies.